An edition of Legends of the monastic orders: as represented in the fine arts : forming the second series of Sacred and legendary art
(1852)
Legends of the monastic orders
as represented in the fine arts : forming the second series of Sacred and legendary art
by Mrs. Anna Jameson
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Table of Contents
CONTENTS.
Preface xiii
Introduction
I. General Character and Influence of Monastic Art Ugliness and Sameness of the Representations. Historical and Moral Importance of the Monastic Subjects, generally and individually. ContraSt. between the Benedictine Pictures and those of the Mendicant Orders xvii
II. Distinction between the Devotional and the Historical xxvi
III. Founders, Habits, and Attributes of the different Orders xxix
IV. Principal Churches and Edifices of the various Orders xxxix
ST. BENEDICT AND THE EARLY BENEDICTINES IN ITALY, FRANCE, SPAIN, AND FLANDERS.
Origin of the Benedictines. Effigies of the Benedictines interesting and suggestive under Three Points of View. As Missionaries, and as the Depositaries of Learning. As Artists, Architects, and Musicians. As Agriculturists. Principal Saints of the Benedictine Order 1
St. Benedict. The Legend. His Sister, St. Scholastica. His Disciples, St. Maurus, St. Placidus, and St. Flavia. Pictures of St. Benedict The proper Habit, sometimes white, and sometimes black. Attributes of St. Benedict Examples of Devotional Figures. Subjects from his Life by various Painters. Legend of the Dead Nuns 7
St. Ildeponso. Famous in Spanish Art His Vision of the Virgin. His Vision of St. Leocadia 24
St. Bavon. The Legend. Pictures of the Saint Story of the Slave 26
St. Giles. Origin of the Legend 28
St. Benedict of Anian and St. William of Aquitaine 31
St. Nilus of Grotta Ferrata. Legend of St. Nilus and the Emperor Otho. Frescoes of Domenichino at Grotta Ferrata 32
THE BENEDICTINES IN ENGLAND AND IN GERMANY.
Introduction of the Order into England. Its Interest and Importance as connected with our History. EarlieSt. English Saints. St. Helena, St. Alban. The Legend. FirSt. Introduction of Christianity into England. The Legend of Glastonbury. The Legend of St. Augustine of Canterbury, of St. Paulinus of York, of St. Bennet of Wearmouth, of St. Cuthbert of Durham, of St. Oswald the King, of St. Hilda of Whitby, of St. Ebba of Coldingham, of Ccedmon the Poet, of St. Chad of Lichfield, of St. Guthlac of Croyland, of St. Ethelberga, of St. Ethelreda (as represented in Ely Cathedral), of St. Werburga of Chester. St. Edith of Polesworth, and St. Modwena 39
St. Boniface, Martyr. The Legend. Habit and Attributes. Popularity in Germany. St. Ewald the Black, and St. Ewald the Fair. St. Swidbert St. Lieven. St. Walburga. St. Ottilia. St. Sebald of Nuremberg. St. Benno 70
Disputes of the English Benedictines with the Norman Kings. Legend of Dale Abbey. Legend of St. Edmund and Bagnar Lodbrog. Martyrdom of King Edmund. St. Neot. St. Swithen. St. Dunstan : his Legend ; his Skill as an Artist. ; as a Musician : ancient Figure. St. Edith of Wilton 84
Legends of St. Edward the Martyr and St. Edward the Confessor. Legend of St. Thomas a Becket 96
THE REFORMED BENEDICTINES.
Decline of the Moral Influence and Discipline of the Order. Reform of the Order in Italy 113
The Order of Camaldoli. Legend of St. Romualdo. Figures of St. Romualdo in the Early Florentine SchooL The Vision of St. Romualdo 115
The Order of Vallombrosa. Legend of St. John Gualberto. Popular at Florence. Subjects from his Life. The Guardian Saints of Vallombrosa. St. Umilta 118
The Carthusians. Origin, Interest, and Importance of the Order in connection with Art Legends of St. Bruno as represented by Le Sueur, by Zurbaran, by Carducho. The Charter-House in London. St. Hugh of Grenoble. St. Hugh of Lincoln, Martyr. Other Infant Martyrs 124
The Cistercians. Popularity of the Order. St. Bernard of Clairvaux. The Legend. His Learning and Celebrity. Preaches the Second Crusade. Pictures and Effigies of St. Bernard. Habit and Attributes. Devotional Subjects. The Vision of St. Bernard. Popularity of this Subject Lichfield Cathedral. Historical Subjects. St. Bernard in the Cathedral of Spires 138
The Olivetans. St. Bernard Ptolomei, Founder. St. Francesca Romana. Popularity of her Effigies at Rome 148
St. Charles Borromeo. His Character. His Influence in the Reform of the Church. His great Charity. The Plague at Milan. Effigies of St. Charles. Scenes from his Life. Palestrina 153
St. Philip Nerl Founder of the Oratorians. Legend of the Massimi Family. Pictures of St. Philip Neri 161
The Port-Royalists : La Mere Angelique ; Jaqueline Pascal ; Pictures by Philippe Champagne. The Trappistes : Story of De Rance 164
EARLY ROYAL SAINTS CONNECTED WITH THE BENEDICTINE ORDER.
Effigies of Royal Saints not satisfactory ; and why. St. Charlemagne. St. Clotilda. St. Cloud. St. Sigismond of Burgundy. St. Cyril and St. Methodius, Apostles of the Sclavonians. St. Wenceslaus of Bohemia, and St. Ludmilla. St. Henry of Bavaria. St. Cunegunda. St. Stephen of Hungary. St. Leopold of Austria. St. Ferdinand of Castile. St. Casimir of Poland 168
THE AUGUSTINES.
Origin of the Order. Their Patriarch, St. Augustine. St. Monica. St. Patrick and St. Bridget of Ireland 191
St. Nicholas of Tolentino 197
St. Thomas of Villanueva : his Popularity in Spain : Murillos Picture 199
St. John Nepomuck. The Legend. Patron Saint of Bridges. Popularity throughout Bohemia and Austria 203
St. Lorenzo Giustiniani. Popular at Venice. Pictures by Carpaccio, Bellini, and Paris Bordone 206
St. Rosalia of Palermo. The Sicilian Legend. Painted by Vandyck for the Jesuits 208
St. Clara of Monte-Falco 209
ORDERS DERIVED FROM THE AUGUSTINE RULE.
The Premonstratensians. Legend of St. Norbert : various Pictures of him in the German School. St. Herman-Joseph: Picture by Vandyck 210
The Servi. St. Philip BenozzL Church of the Annunziata at Florence. Frescoes painted for the Order by Andrea del Sarto and others 213
The Trinitarians. Instituted for the Redemption of Captives. Legend of St. John de Matha, St. Felix de Valois, and St. Radegunda. How represented 217
The Order of Our Lady of Mercy. Legends of St. Peter Nolasco. Popular in Spanish Art 220
The Brigittines. Legend of St. Bridget of Sweden, Foundress. Popular Representations 224
THE MENDICANT ORDERS.
Origin of the Mendicant Orders in the Thirteenth Century, diameters of St. Francis and St. Dominick contrasted. Of their two Communities. Distinction in Habit Physiognomy. How characterised in Dante. How represented by the early Painters : by the later Schools. Patronage of Art 227
The Franciscans. The Seraphic Order. Principal Saints represented in the Franciscan Edifices 236
St. Francis of Assisi. The Legend. Origin of the Porzioncula. Popularity of the Effigies of St. Francis. The Devotional and Mystical Subjects. Single Figures as Founder. The Stigmata. The Vision of the Virgin and Infant Christ The Legend of the Roses. St. Francis espouses Poverty. Frescoes in the Choir at Assisi. The Life and Miracles of St. Francis, as a Series of Subjects by Giotto, by Ghirlandajo, by Benedetto da Maiano. St. Francis preaches to the Birds. His Ideas concerning Animals. Separate Subjects from the Life of St. Francis 238
St. Clara, Her Legend. She is the Type of Female Piety. Ancient Representations of her : as Abbess ; as the 'Madre Serafica.' Pictures from her History 270
St. Antony of Padua. The Legend. His Church at Padua. His Life, as a Series of Pictures by Titian and others. St. Antony with the Infant Christ 278
St. Bonaventura, Cardinal, and Doctor of the Church 288
St. Bernardino of Siena. Habit and Attributes. Popularity of his Effigies. Bernardino da Feltri, with the Monte-di-Pieta 291
St. Elizabeth of Hungary. The Type of Female Charity. Beauty and Interest of the Legends relating to her. Her Life. Devotional Representations of her popular throughout Europe. The Legend of the Roses. Pictures from her Life. Description of St. Elizabeth in the 'Erlinde' of Wolf von Goethe. St. Elizabeth of Portugal, tlie original Heroine of Schiller's 'Fridolin' 297
St. Louis of France, King ; and his Sister, St. Isabella 319
St. Louis of Toulouse, Bishop 325
St. Margaret of Cortona 328
St. Ives of Bretagne 331
St. Eleazar de Sabran 333
St. Rosa di Viterbo 334
St. Francis de Paula 334
St. Juan de Dios 338
St. Felix de Cantalicio 342
St. Diego d'Alcala. The Cappella Herrera. Anecdote of Annibal. Caracci and Albano 344
St. Vincent de Paule 347
St. Peter of Alcantara 350
St. John Capistrano 351
St. Peter Regalato 352
St. Catherine of Bologna 352
The Dominicans. The principal Saints represented in the Dominican Edifices. The proper Habit and general Character of the Order 354
St. Dominick. The Legend. The War with the Albigenses. The Institution of the Rosary. His Success as a Preacher. His Death at Bologna. His Shrine, called the Area di San Domenico. Various Representations of St. Dominick, and Pictures from hi6 Life, by Angelico and others 359
St. Peter Martyr. The San Pietro Martire of Titian ; of Andrea del Sarto. Portrait of Savonarola as Peter Martyr 371
St. Thomas Aquinas 375
St. Catherine of Siena. The Legend. Description of the City of Siena and the Fonte-Branda. The Visions of St. Catherine. She induces the Pope to quit Avignon for Rome. Andrea Vanni the Painter : his Portrait of St. Catherine. Attributes and Pictures of St. Catherine. She faints before the Crucifix. She receives the Stigmata 381
St. Antonino, Archbishop of Florence. His Friendship for Angelico da Fiesole. Legends and Pictures of him at Florence 397
St. Raymond of Penafobte 402
St. Vincent Ferraris, or Ferrer 404
St. Hyacinth 405
St. Louis Beltran 408
Santa Rosa de Lima 409
The Carmelites. Disputed Origin of this Order. Principal Carmelite Saints. St. Albert St. Angelas 411
St. Theresa, Foundress of the Barefooted Carmelites. Her History and Character ill-treated as a Subject of Art Pictures of her. Character of St. Theresa by Harriet Martineau 415
St. Juan de la Cruz 425
St. Andrea Corsini 425
St. Maria Maddalena de* Pazzi 426
Soiur Louise de la Misericorde 427
THE JESUITS.
Influence of the Jesuits on Arts and Artists unfavourable. Habit and Character of the Order 428
St. Ignatius Loyola 430
St. Francis Xatier 435
St. Francis Borgia 441
St. Stanislas Kotzka 445
St. Louis Qonzaga 445
THE ORDER OF THE VISITATION OF ST. MARY.
St. Francis de Sales ; and Madame de Chantal, Grandmother of Madame de Sevigne 447
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
1. Head of St. Benedict. After Perugino. Vatican.
2. St. Benedict Full lengthy from an Engraving by Wierx.
3. Figure of St. Benedict Andrea Mantegna.
4. St. Giles the Hermit Lucas v. Leyden.
5. St. Nilus. After Domenichino.
6. Angel. From the Chapel at Grotto- Ferrata.
7. St. Helena. Boisseree Gallery.
8. St. Helena and Constantine. Palma Vecchio,
9. St. Bennet Biscop. From a Print by Hollar.
10. St. Guthlac. Ancient English Sculpture.
11. The Dream of St. Ethelreda. Ancient Sculpture.
12. St. Ethelreda. Saxon Miniature.
13. St. Ottilia. From a German Missal.
14. St. Sebald. Peter Vischer.
15. St. Dunstan. From a Drawing by himself.
16. St. Edmund and St. Edward the Confessor. From the Diptych at Wilton.
17. St. Thomas & Becket. From an old Print.
18. Penance of Henry II. Ancient Stained Glass,
19. Angel.
20. St. Benedict and St. Romualdo. Taddeo Gaddu
21. St. John Gualherto. Fra Angelico.
22. St. Bruno. Le Sueur.
23. St. Bruno. Statue by Houdon.
24. St. Bruno. Andrea Sacchi.
25. St. Hugh of Grenoble. L. v. Leyden.
26. St. Bernard. Angelico da Fiesole.
27. St. Bernard writing the Praises of the Virgin.
28. St. Bernard. Boisserte Gallery.
29. St. Francesca Romana. Domenichino.
30. St. Charles Borromeo. Le Brun.
31. Musical Angels. Matteo di Oualdo.
32. St. Philip Neri. Statue in St. Peter's.
33. The Nuns of Port-Royal. Philippe de Champagne.
34. St. Sigismond. Benedetto Montagna.
35. St. Ludmilla. R Max
36. St. Procopius. A. Caraecu
37. St. Cunegunda. Hans Burgmair.
38. St. Henry L von Melem.
39. St. Ferdinand Murillo.
40. St. Nicholas of Tolentino. Old Drawing.
41. St. Lorenzo Giustiniani. Oentil Bellini
42. Badge of the Order of Mercy.
43. St. Peter Nolasco. Claude de MeUan.
44. St. Dominick and St. Francis. Spanish School.
45. A Franciscan. Zurbaran,
46. St. Francis. Oiunto Pisano.
47. St. Francis. Simon Memmi.
48. St. Francis. Sassetta.
49. St. Francis. Oigoli.
50. St. Francis encounters Poverty, Chastity, and Obedience. School of Giotto.
51. St. Francis preaching to the Birds. Giotto.
52. St. Clara. Perugino.
53. St. Clara. Tntarsiatura.
54. St. Clara. Portrait at Assisi.
55. St. Antony of Padua. Siena School.
56. Miracle of St. Antony of Padua. Pesellino.
57. St. Antony of Padua with the Infant Christ L. Caraoci.
58. St. Bonaventura. Kaphas 1
59. St. Bernardino of Siena. Spagna.
60. St. Bernardino of Siena. Siena School.
61. St. Bernardino. A. della Bobbia.
62. St. Elizabeth. Paolo Morando.
63. St. Louis. Old French (Montfaucon).
64. St. Louis of Toulouse and St. Bonaventura. Cosimo Rosclli.
65. St. Francis de Paula. MuriUo.
66. St. Felix de Cantalicio. Murillo.
67. St. Peter of Alcantara. Ludovico Caracci.
68. AngeL Agostino della ltobbia.
69. St. Dominick. Carlo Dolce.
70. St. Dominick. F. Angelico.
71. St. Dominick. L. v. Ley den.
72. St. Peter and St. Paul appear to St. Dominick. K Pisano.
73. St. Peter Martyr. Cima da Contgliano.
74. Jerome Savonarola as St. Peter Martyr. Fra Bartolomeo.
75. St. Thomas Aquinas. Benozzo Gozstoli.
76. Vision of St. Catherine.
77. St. Catherine of Siena. Portrait. Andrea Vannu
78. St. Catherine and St. Dominick. Sasso Ferrata.
79. St. Catherine fainting. Ram.
80. St. Antonino. D. Ohirlandajo.
81. St. Theresa. Le Brun.
82. St. Theresa. Spanish.
83. St. Theresa. Italian.
84 St. Ignatius Loyola. Rubens.
86. A Monk received into Paradise. Angelica.
86. Angel Hemmelinck.
87. A Monk at his Devotions. Overbech
88. Angel F. Angelico.
I. The Saints of Vallombrosa. 1. The Archangel Michael. 2. St. Gualberto as Founder. 3. St. Benedict as Patriarch. 4. St. Bernardo Cardinale, a famous Abbot of the Order. From Perugino's Picture of the Assumption of the Virgin: painted for the Convent of Vallombrosa ; now in the Florence Academy.
II. The Benedictine Saints. In the centre St. Boniface, to the right St. Maurus and St. Placidus, to the left St. Scholastica and St. Justina of Padua. After a design by Benedetto Montagna. The introduction of St. Justina shows that the design was made for an altarpiece at the time the Benedictines were rebuilding their church, the San Giustina, at Padua. The group appears to have been popular, as it occurs on a dish of Raphael ware which I saw in the collection of Mediaeval Works of Art exhibited in 1850.
III. St. Boniface embarks at Southampton on his mission to Germany. After the Fresco of Heinrich Hess, at Munich.
IV. 1. St. Sebald, Patron of Nuremberg: after Hans Beham. 2. St. Ewald heals a maniac : after Martin Hemskirk.
V. The Virgin visits St. Bernard. 1. After the Picture by Giottino in the Florence Academy. 2. After the Picture by Fra Filippo Lippi, the Carmelite.
VI. The Vision of St. Bernard. After the Picture by MuriUo at Seville: etched from a Calotype taken from the original Picture by Mr. Stirling
VII. The Charity of St. Thomas of Villanueva. After Murillo; painted for the Caritad at Seville. The etching is from a Calotype taken by Mr. Stirling ; the original picture has never been engraved.
VIII. The Franciscan Saints. 1. St. Bonaventnra and St. Antony of Padua. 2. St. Louis of Toulouse, and St. Bernardino of Siena, 3. St. Clara and St. Catherine of Alexandria, as types of piety and wisdom, or sanctity and theological learning.
IX. St. Francis. 1. The Vision of St. Francis in the Pomoncula : after Overbeds. 2. The same subject : after Spado. 3. St. Francis receives the Stigmata : after Giotto. 4. After Cigeli. 6. After Badalocchi. 6. The Ecstasy of St. Francis : after Lauri. 7. St. Francis at his Devotions : after Domenickino. For this etching I am indebted to the kindness and taste of Mr. George Scharf.
X. St. Elizabeth of Hungary. 1. After Angelico da Fieeole; from a Sketch made in the Academy at Perugia. 2. After Holbein. 3. After Overbeck.
XI. St. Theresa pleading at the feet of our Saviour for the Souls in Purgatory. After Rubens.
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